Which Erikson stage corresponds to 18 to 30 months and centers on developing some level of independence?

• A. 18 to 30 months (Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt)
• B. Birth to 18 months (Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust)
• C. Adolescence (Identity vs Role Confusion)
• D. 2 1/2 to 5 years (Initiative vs Guilt)

Answer: (A)

Independence emerges as toddlers gain new self-care skills and begin making simple choices. In Erikson’s theory, this is the stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, which fits the 18 to 30 months period. When a child is encouraged to do things for themselves—like feeding, dressing, or toilet routines—they build a sense of autonomy and will. If caregivers are overly controlling or critical of their attempts, the child may develop shame and doubt about their abilities, hindering their budding independence.

Other stages involve different life periods and priorities: the infancy stage centers on Basic Trust vs Basic M mistrust, focusing on basic security and reliability of care; adolescence centers on Identity vs Role Confusion, concentrating on forming a personal identity; and the later early childhood stage of Initiative vs Guilt (about 2.5 to 5 years) emphasizes taking initiative and planning, though the age range and primary focus differ from the 18–30 months window.