Which of the following is listed as a limitation of Freud's theory in the material?

• A. Not measurable
• B. Easily testable
• C. Crisis counseling friendly
• D. Universally applicable

Answer: (A)

Freud’s theory is criticized mainly for its lack of empirical support because its key ideas are abstract and not directly observable. Concepts like the unconscious, psychosexual stages, defense mechanisms, and the drives Freud talks about are inferred from patient histories and interpretive notes rather than measured with objective, reliable data. Because these constructs aren’t easily operationalized or testable under controlled conditions, the theory isn’t readily measurable. That difficulty in measuring and testing it is what many texts highlight as a limitation.

The other statements don’t fit as listed limitations. The theory isn’t considered easily testable in the scientific sense, and it isn’t typically described as crisis counseling friendly or universally applicable—cultural biases and lack of universal applicability are common critiques.